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A tongue-like growth from kapha and blood above the tongue at its root, bound to the throat; incurable once suppurated.

Five tongue diseases are described: thorn-like sprouts from vata, pitta and kapha, jihvalasaka and upajihvika.

A large, little-painful swelling under the tongue from kapha and pitta; when the doshas ripen the tongue cannot move. Treated by scraping and rubbing with drugs.

A swelling like the tip of the tongue arising beneath it from kapha and blood, with constant salivation and itching; treated like jihvalasaka, with head purgation and medicated mouthfuls.

When the tongue protrudes in excessive emesis, it is rubbed with a powder of rock salt, dry ginger, black pepper and long pepper and pressed back inside.

Vata-type thorny sprouts on the tongue are rubbed with turmeric, rock salt and the three pungents mixed with oil.

If the tongue goes inside, other people eat sour things such as lemons in front of the patient, and he too is repeatedly given the sour foods of the amla group; the commentary says this…

To check thirst, sour fruits are ground and applied on the tongue.

Thorn-like sprouts on the tongue from vata, pitta or kapha, each with its dosha's pain and signs, treated by dosha with rubbing, scraping and pastes.

Kapha-type sprouts on the tongue are treated by applying the three pungents mixed with the group of urines.

The three doshas raise thorn-like sprouts (kantaka) on the tongue, each showing the pain and signs of its dosha; the vata type is rubbed with turmeric, rock salt and the three pungents…

In the tongue the great disease called alasa is incurable, and in the palate the tumour (arbuda) is to be abandoned.

A poisoned tooth-stick looks split, pierced or frayed and lacks a brush end; using it causes swelling, severe suppuration and pain in the mouth, and poisoned tongue scrapers and mouth…

For pitta-type sprouts the tongue is first rubbed with rough leaves to draw blood, and then drugs of the cooling and heating groups (as the commentary reads them), soaked in ghee, are…

In pitta-type sprouts the tongue is first rubbed with rough leaves to let out blood, then drugs of the cooling and heating groups soaked in ghee are applied; in kapha-type sprouts the three…

When the disease worsens, the eruptions spread to the tongue, ears, eyes, nose, brows, lips, throat, feet, hands and head, and over the whole body.

Named among the mouth disorders treated with external caustic alkali.

Named among the mouth disorders treated with external caustic alkali.

Mouth diseases arise from the doshas in seven sites: the two lips, teeth, tongue, gums, throat and palate.

The introduction says the work includes a section on fatal signs (riṣṭādhikāra), full of secrets known through the yoga practice of great sages.

The opening of chapter 19 treats poisoning as a danger to kings: who poisons, how a poisoner and poisoned food are recognised, and the signs of poison in food, drinks and personal articles.